Indeed, the best-known equation in physics is the Einstein Energy Equation, E = mc 2, which expresses unity of energy and matter and, in stellar evolution, the emergence of matter from the raw energy of the Big Bang. Thus, the forms of energy at play at the level of subatomic physics are kinetic and potential energy, as captured in the continuous Schrödinger Equation. This philosophical approach takes the view that complex levels of organization of physical energy are both ontologically and functionally emergent from more basic levels (physical energy being defined as the flow of some physical substance, or stored propensity to flow in the case of potential energy 1).
This is conceptualized in the form of Emergent Aspect Dualism ( Tyler, 2015, 2018, 2019), which reconciles the epistemic dichotomies of monism and dualism, energy and matter, emergence and continuity, neural activity and consciousness, free will and determinism, and even continuous reality with the superposition and multiple worlds interpretations of quantum physics. Philosophical Background: Principles of Functional Emergenceīefore addressing the properties of consciousness, it needs to be placed in the context of the overall physical reality from which it emerges. The article concludes with an analysis of the evolutionary function of consciousness, and a critique of the Integrated Information Theory approach to defining its properties. It is then analyzed in terms of specific empirical tests that can be used to determine its neural substrate and relevant data that implement such tests. Each of these aspects is rigorously specified in terms of its definable properties.
Within this framework, a process model of consciousness is developed to account for many of the experienced aspects of consciousness, many that are rarely considered in the philosophical discourse. The particular form of emergence that is the focus of the present analysis is the emergence of conscious mental processing from neural activity carried by the underlying biochemical principles of brain organization. This article develops a view of consciousness in the context of a new philosophical approach that invokes the concept of emergence, through which the operative principles of each level of organization of physical energy flow are functionally dissociated from those of the levels below it, despite the continuity of the physical laws that govern them.
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